Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytotoxicity of BEA, ENN B and MON in cultured human Jurkat T cells (1 × 10 4 cells/well), based on IC 50 value, determined using MTT assay. Cells were treated for 24 h with tested mycotoxins at variable concentrations.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: Cell Culture, MTT Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of beauvericin (BEA), enniatin B (ENN B), and moniliformin (MON) on cell viability in human Jurkat T cells (clone E6.1). Exponentially growing Jurkat T cells (1 × 10 4 cells/well) were treated with increasing concentrations of BEA (0–7.24 μM), ENN B (0–17.88 μM), and MON (0–161.80 μM) for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay, reflecting the enzymatic reduction of tetrazolium dye in metabolically active cells. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences compared to the vehicle control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Metabolic Labelling, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative cytotoxic effects of combined mycotoxin treatments on human Jurkat T cells. Jurkat T cells were exposed to BEA in combination with ENN B (A) , BEA with MON (B) , and ENN B with MON (C) at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. All combinations induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability, with combined treatments generally exhibiting greater cytotoxic effects than individual compounds. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences compared to the vehicle control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combined cytotoxic effects of BEA, ENN B, and MON on human Jurkat T cells. Jurkat T cells were treated with BEA, ENN B, and MON individually and in combination (BEA + ENN B+ MON) at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. The combined treatment exhibited a more pronounced reduction in cell viability compared to individual mycotoxins. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences compared to the vehicle control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose–effect parameters of BEA, ENN B, and MON in human Jurkat T cells following combined treatments.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination index ( C I ) versus fraction affected ( F a ) curves for beauvericin (BEA), enniatin B (ENN B), and moniliformin (MON) in human Jurkat T cells. C I – F a plots were generated using the Chou–Talalay median-effect method for cells exposed to BEA + ENN B (A) , BEA + MON (B) , ENN B+ MON (C) , and the ternary mixture BEA + ENN B+ MON (D) for 24 h. Each data point represents the mean C I ± SD derived from three independent biological experiments ( n = 3 ) at specified fractional effect levels. The horizontal dashed line ( C I = 1 ) denotes additivity ( 0.90 ≤ C I ≤ 1.10 ); values below 0.90 ( C I < 0.90 ) represent synergism, whereas values above 1.10 ( C I > 1.10 ) indicate antagonism.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: Generated, Derivative Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination index (CI) and dose‐reduction index (DRI) values for cytotoxic interactions of BEA, ENN B, and MON in human Jurkat T cells.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Polygonogram illustrating the interaction patterns among BEA, ENN B, and MON at a fractional effect of 0.5 (fa = 0.5) in human Jurkat T cells. Thick solid lines indicate synergistic interactions between toxin pairs, while the triangular connection represents synergism in the ternary combination. The results demonstrate consistent synergistic effects among all combinations at this effect level, supporting synergistic interactions under sub-maximal effect conditions based on Combination Index analysis.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: Analysis

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of BEA, ENN B, and MON on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human Jurkat T cells. Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of BEA (0–7.24 μM), ENN B (0–17.88 μM), and MON (0–161.80 μM) for 24 h. ROS levels were measured using a Total ROS assay and expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU). Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences compared to the control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: ROS Assay, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of BEA, ENN B, and MON, individually and in combination, on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human Jurkat T cells. Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of BEA, ENN B, and MON, alone or in binary and ternary combinations, for 24 h. ROS levels were measured using a Total ROS assay and expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU) (A) BEA + ENN B (B) BEA + MON (C) ENN B+ MON, and (D) BEA + ENN B+ MON. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences compared to the control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: ROS Assay, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Duration of Initial Viremia Modulates Functional Properties of HIV-specific T Cell Receptors

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.29.702605

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of HIV-specific TCR avidity and functional affinity . ( A ) Estimated TCR-pHLA binding strength for individual clonotypes, calculated as the average ratio of bound tetramer (antigen, Ag) UMIs to CD3 UMIs. Statistical comparisons were performed using a non-parametric t-test. Each donor contribution is depicted with a different colour matched to the donor. ( B ). Representative FACs plot showing a monoclonal Jurkat TCR stained with a non-specific control tetramer (B*42:01-TL9) and the cognate tetramer (B*58:01-KW11). TCR-engineered T cells were co-cultured with HLA-B*58:01 monoallelic antigen-presenting cells pulsed with graded peptide concentrations (2μM to 0.125μM) at a 1:1 ratio for 18 hours. The histograms illustrate dose-dependent CD69 expression for 726_KW11-specific TCR3 clone. ( C and D ). Representative peptide dose-response curves for ( C ) IW9-specific TCRs and ( D ) KW11-specific TCRs derived from early-treated donor 726 and late-treated donor 309. TCR identifiers correspond to clonotypes with paired α and β-chains confirmed by both Illumina and Oxford nanopore sequencing. ( E and F ) Representative steady-state SPR measurements showing binding interactions between soluble HLA-B*58:01-IW9 pHLA complex and four IW9-specific TCRs, two from the early ART-treated donor 726 ( E ) and two from the late ART-treated donor 309 ( F ). Individual plots indicate donor TCR IDs and corresponding dissociation constants (K D )

Article Snippet: The concentrated lentivirus, along with 4 μg/mL of polybrene (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), was then used to transduce a TCR-null Jurkat cell line (BPS Bioscience Cat. No: 78539).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Binding Assay, Staining, Control, Cell Culture, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Nanopore Sequencing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Duration of Initial Viremia Modulates Functional Properties of HIV-specific T Cell Receptors

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.29.702605

Figure Lengend Snippet: Normalized dose-response curves showing CD69 upregulation in monoclonal TCR-expressing Jurkat cells stimulated with IW9 (top) or KW11 (bottom) peptides. The Y-axis indicates the % of CD69 + Jurkat cells, and the X-axis represents peptide concentration. Each curve corresponds to an individual TCR, labeled by its respective ID. Red curves denote TCRs derived from early-treated donors, while blue curves represent TCRs from late-ART-treated donors. Peptide dose-response curves for each TCR were generated to estimate antigen sensitivity, with EC 50 serving as a quantitative proxy for TCR functional responsiveness.

Article Snippet: The concentrated lentivirus, along with 4 μg/mL of polybrene (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), was then used to transduce a TCR-null Jurkat cell line (BPS Bioscience Cat. No: 78539).

Techniques: Expressing, Concentration Assay, Labeling, Derivative Assay, Generated, Functional Assay

Journal: Toxicological Sciences

Article Title: Nonclinical safety assessment of SBT777101, a CAR-engineered regulatory T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases

doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfag125

Figure Lengend Snippet: Selective activation of SBT777101 Jurkat reporter cells by citrullinated proteins. Representative dose–response curves showing fold-increase in luminescence ( y -axis) relative to baseline following incubation with increasing concentrations (log scale, x -axis) of citrullinated (red) or noncitrullinated (black) protein targets. Data points represent the mean ± SD of 3 replicates.

Article Snippet: NFAT-luciferase reporter Jurkat cells (BPS Bioscience) were stably transduced with the SBT777101 CAR.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Incubation

Journal: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII

Article Title: Efficacy and mechanism of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody Daratumumab against primary effusion lymphoma

doi: 10.1007/s00262-021-03054-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: DARA-mediated ADCC based on CD16 expressing NK cells. A BCBL-1, GTO, and TY-1 cells were incubated with various concentrations of DARA, and co-cultured with ADCC-indicating Jurkat cells (E:T ratio = 1:5) for 18 h. Luciferase activity was measured. B, C, D, E) CFSE-labeled BCBL-1 cells were treated with IgG1 or DARA, co-cultured with CD16 + NK (N6) or CD16- NK (KHYG-1) cell lines at different E:T ratio for 4 h, and analyzed for dead BCBL-1 (CFSE+Ghost Dye+) cells by flow cytometry. F Up-regulation of CD107a after DARA treatment was analyzed by flow cytometry. G Percentages of CD56+CD107a+ cells after stimulation with DARA (n = 3). Data are presented as mean values ± standard error (SE). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 significant levels

Article Snippet: Recombinant Jurkat T cells expressing firefly luciferase gene under the control of NFAT response elements with constitutive expression of human FcγRIIIa, high affinity (V158) variant and Fcγ chain (ADCC-Jurkat) (#60,541, BPS Bioscience, San Diego, CA) were used to measure ADCC activity by reporter assay.

Techniques: Expressing, Incubation, Cell Culture, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Labeling, Flow Cytometry